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Maryse F. Bouchard

Areas of expertise

Environmental health , Environmental epidemiology , Exposure to environmental contaminants

  • Full Professor

Email
maryse.bouchard@inrs.ca

Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Research Centre

531 des Prairies Blvd.
Laval, Quebec  H7V 1B7
Canada

See the research centre

Research interests

Maryse F. Bouchard’s research examines the impacts of environmental contaminants on human health. Using epidemiological approaches, her work aims to identify and quantify risks associated with exposure, particularly for the nervous and endocrine systems. She has conducted studies on a range of contaminants, including metals such as manganese and lead, as well as pesticides and other industrial chemicals. Her research places particular emphasis on populations with increased vulnerability, including fetuses and children, older adults, Indigenous communities, and workers exposed to toxic substances. Her findings contribute to public health decision-making and have informed environmental policies, risk assessment practices, and regulatory standards aimed at reducing harmful exposures and protecting population health.

Team

Raphaëlle Teysseire

Postdoctoral Fellow
raphaelle.teysseire@inrs.ca

Ernest Tewfik
Doctorant
Trisha Saha
Assistante de recherche

Positions

Maryse F. Bouchard is a Full Professor of Environmental Health in the Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit. She is also affiliated with the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center.

Her research focuses on exposure to environmental contaminants and their impacts on human health, with particular attention to populations with increased vulnerability. Her work also aims to improve understanding of the determinants of exposure to toxic pollutants in order to identify targeted and effective interventions to reduce health risks.

Her research is distinguished by its excellence, originality, and scientific and societal relevance. It is grounded in a strongly multidisciplinary approach and supported by an extensive network of national and international collaborations. This network brings together experts from diverse scientific fields as well as public health authorities, ensuring effective knowledge translation on the risks associated with environmental contaminants and strategies to mitigate them.

Biography 

Maryse Bouchard completed undergraduate studies in biology and then obtained an interdisciplinary PhD in Environmental Sciences from the Université du Québec à Montréal (2007). She subsequently pursued advanced training in environmental epidemiology for three years at the Harvard School of Public Health and the University of California, Berkeley. Upon returning to Canada, she joined the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at the Université de Montréal (2010–2022), where she held the Canada Research Chair in Environmental Contaminants and Population Health. In 2023, she joined the Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie Centre of INRS.

Professor Bouchard has published more than one hundred scientific articles, and her work has had a strong impact on both public awareness and policy-making. Her research program in environmental epidemiology is supported by major funding agencies, including CIHR, FRQ, and Health Canada. Over the past 10 years, she has secured more than $20 million in research funding as principal investigator.

Her work has received several awards, including the Sustainable Health Research Award from the Association québécoise pour la santé publique, “Paper of the Year” from Environmental Health Perspectives, and the Governor General’s Academic Gold Medal of Canada. Her research has also been selected twice among Québec Science’s Top 10 Discoveries of the Year.

Maryse Bouchard serves on several scientific advisory boards, including that of Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency. She actively contributes to the research ecosystem at both the national and international levels, serving on numerous grant and fellowship review committees in Canada, France, and elsewhere. She was appointed Visiting Professor at Sorbonne University and has been invited to present her work in cities such as Amsterdam, Tokyo, and Paris. She also serves as a scientific advisor for a major research program funded by the European Union.

 

Publications

Articles published in peer-reviewed journals (**student publications) 

 

  1. Caron-Beaudoin É, Whyte KP, Bouchard MF, Chevrier J, Haddad S, Copes R, Frohlich KL, Dokkie D; Treaty 8 Tribal Association, Juul S, Bouchard M, Verner MA. 2022. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air and tap water samples in residences of pregnant women living in an area of unconventional natural gas operations: Findings from the EXPERIVA study. Science of the Total Environment 20(805):150242. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150242.
  2. **Gbemavo MCJ, Bouchard MF. 2021. Concentrations of Lead, Mercury, Selenium, and Manganese in Blood and Hand Grip Strength among Adults Living in the United States (NHANES 2011-2014).Toxics 9(8). doi: 10.3390/toxics9080189.
  3. **Azar N, Booij L, Muckle G, Arbuckle TE, Séguin JR, Asztalos E, Fraser WD, Lanphear BP, Bouchard MF. 2021. Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and cognitive ability in early childhood. Environment International 146:106296. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106296.
  4. Ho V, Pelland-St-Pierre L, Gravel S, Bouchard MF, Verner MA, Labrèche F. 2021. Endocrine disruptors: Challenges and future directions in epidemiologic research. Environmental Research 204(Pt A): 111969. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111969.
  5. **Guth M, Pollock T, Fisher M, Arbuckle TE, Bouchard MF. 2021. Concentrations of urinary parabens and reproductive hormones in girls 6–17 years living in Canada. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 231:113633. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113633.
  6. Pollock T, Arbuckle TE, Guth M, Bouchard MF, St-Amand A. 2021. Associations among urinary triclosan and bisphenol A concentrations and serum sex steroid hormone measures in the Canadian and U.S. Populations. Environment International 146:106229. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106229.
  7. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Lanphear B, Muckle G, Foster WG, Ayotte P, Zidek A, Asztalos E, Bouchard MF, Kuhle S. 2021. Urinary phthalates and body mass index in preschool children: The MIREC Child Development Plus study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 232:113689. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113689.
  8. **Ntantu Nkinsa P, Muckle G, Ayotte P, Lanphear BP, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD, Bouchard MF. 2020. Organophosphate pesticides exposure during fetal development and IQ scores in 3 and 4-year old Canadian children. Environmental Research. 190:110023. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110023.
  9. Oulhote Y, Lanphear, B, Braun JM, Webster GM, Arbuckle TE, Etzel T, Forget-Dubois N, Seguin JR, Bouchard MF, MacFarlane A, Ouellet E, Fraser W, Muckle G. 2020. Gestational exposures to phthalates and folic acid, and autistic traits in Canadian children. Environmental Health Perspectives. 128(2):27004. doi: 10.1289/EHP5621.
  10. Verner MA, Salame H, Housand C, Birnbaum LS, Bouchard MF, Chevrier J, Aylward LL, Naiman DQ, LaKind JS. 2020. How Many Urine Samples Are Needed to Accurately Assess Exposure to Non-Persistent Chemicals? The Biomarker Reliability Assessment Tool (BRAT) for Scientists, Research Sponsors, and Risk Managers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6;17(23):9102. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17239102.
  11. Gravel S, Lavoué J, Bakhiyi B, Lavoie J, Roberge B, Patry L, Bouchard MF, Verner M-A, Zayed J, Labreche F. 2020. Multi-exposures to suspected endocrine disruptors in electronic waste recycling workers: associations with thyroid and reproductive hormones. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 225:113445. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113445.
  12. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Lanphear B, Muckle G, Bouchard MF, Fisher M, Asztalos E, Foster W, Kuhle S. 2019. Blood metals levels and early childhood growth in a cohort of Canadian children. Environmental Research. 179(Pt A):108736. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108736
  13. **Kullar SS, Shao K, Mergler M, Cormier P, Bellinger DC, Surette C, Barbeau B, Foucher D, Sauvé S, Bouchard MF. 2019. A Benchmark Concentration Analysis for Manganese in Drinking Water and IQ Deficits in Children. Environment International. 130:104889. doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.083
  14. Signes-Pastor AJ, Bouchard MF, Baker E, Jackson BP, Karagas MR. 2019. Toenail manganese as biomarker of drinking water exposure: a reliability study from a U.S. pregnancy cohort. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. 29(5):648-654. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.228
  15. Caron-Beaudoin E, Bouchard M, Wendling G, Barroso A, Bouchard MF, Ayotte P, Frohlich K, Verner M-A. 2019. Urinary and hair concentrations of trace metals in pregnant women from Northeastern British Columbia, Canada: A pilot study. Environment International. 29(5):613-623. doi: 10.1038/s41370-019-0144-3
  16. Montiel-León JM, Duy SV, Munoz G, Bouchard MF, Amyot M, Sauvé S. 2019. Quality survey and spatiotemporal variations of atrazine and desethylatrazine in drinking water in Quebec, Canada. Science of the Total Environment. 671:578-585. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.228.
  17. Kuate Defo B, Mbanya JC, Kingue S Tardif J-C, Choukem SP, Perreault, S, Fournier P, Ekundayo O, Potvin L, D’Antono B, Emami E, Cote R, Aubin M-J, Bouchard M, Khairy P, Rey E, Richard L, Zarowsky C, Mampuya WM, Mbanya D, Sauve S, Ndom P, Silva R, Assah F, Roy I, Dubois C-Al. 2019. Blood pressure and burden of hypertension in Cameroon, a microcosm of Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Journal of Hypertension. 37(11):2190-2199. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002165
  18. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Bouchard MF, Shapiro GD, Fisher M, Monnier P, Morisset A-S, Ettinger AS. 2018. Association between Maternal Urinary Speciated Arsenic Concentrations and Gestational Diabetes in a Cohort of Canadian women. Environment International. 121(Pt 1):714-720. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.008
  19. Shapiro GD, Arbuckle TE, Ashley-Martin J, Fraser WD, Fisher M, Bouchard MF, Monnier P, Morisset AS, Ettinger AS, Dodds L. Associations between maternal triclosan concentrations in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational weight gain and fetal markers of metabolic function. Environmental Research. 161:554-561. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.001. PMID: 29241065.
  20. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Ettinger AS, Shapiro GD, Fisher M, Monnier P, Morisset AS, Fraser WD, Bouchard MF. 2018. Maternal and cord blood manganese levels and birth weight: the MIREC birth cohort study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 221(6):876-882. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.015.
  21. **Dion LA, Saint-Amour D, Sauvé S, Barbeau B, Mergler D, Bouchard MF. 2018. Changes in water manganese levels and longitudinal assessment of intellectual function in children exposed through drinking water. Neurotoxicology. 64:118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.015. PMID: 28870865.
  22. Ntihabose R, Surette C, Foucher D, Clarisse O, Bouchard MF. 2018. Assessment of saliva, hair and toenails as biomarkers of low level exposure to manganese from drinking water in children. Neurotoxicology. 64:126-133. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.08.011. PMID: 28867366
  23. Bouchard MF, Surette C, Cormier P, Foucher D. 2018. Low level exposure to manganese from drinking water and cognition in school-age children. Neurotoxicology. 64:110-117. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.07.024. PMID: 28716743.
  24. Lao Y, Dion LA, Gilbert G, Bouchard MF, Rocha G, Wang Y, Leporé N, Saint-Amour D. 2017. Mapping the basal ganglia alterations in children chronically exposed to manganese. Scientific Reports, 7:41804.
  25. **Migneron-Foisy V, Bouchard MF, Freeman EE, Saint-Amour D. Myopia and Exposure to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticides in the General United States Population. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 58(11):4915-4924. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-20493. PMID: 28973337.
  26. Braun JM, Muckle G, Arbuckle T, Bouchard MF, Fraser WD, Ouellet E, Séguin JR, Oulhote Y, Webster GM, Lanphear BP. 2017. Associations of Prenatal Urinary Bisphenol A Concentrations with Child Behaviors and Cognitive Abilities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 125(6):067008. doi: 10.1289/EHP984. PMID: 28657891.
  27. Roy-Lachapelle A, Solliec M, Bouchard MF, Sauvé S. 2017. Detection of Cyanotoxins in Algae Dietary Supplements. Toxins (Basel), 9(3). pii: E76. doi:10.3390/toxins9030076. PMID: 28245621; PMCID: PMC5371831.
  28. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Bouchard MF, Fisher M, Morriset AS, Monnier P, Shapiro GD, Ettinger AS, Dallaire R, Taback S, Fraser W, Platt RW. 2017. Maternal Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Fetal Markers of Metabolic Function and Birth Weight. American Journal of Epidemiology, 185(3):185-193.
  29. Lavigne E, Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Hystad P, Johnson M, Crouse DL, Ettinger AS, Shapiro GD, Fisher M, Morisset AS, Taback S, Bouchard MF, Sun L, Monnier P, Dallaire R, Fraser WD. 2016. Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and fetal markers of metabolic function. American Journal of Epidemiology, 183(9):842-51.
  30. **Sokoloff K, Fraser W, Arbuckle TE, Fisher M, Gaudreau E, LeBlanc A, Morisset AS, Bouchard MF. 2016. Determinants of urinary concentrations of dialkyl phosphates among pregnant women in Canada – Results from the MIREC study. Environment International, 94:133-40.
  31. van Wendel de Joode B, Barbeau B, Bouchard MF, Mora AM, Skytt Å, Córdoba L, Quesada R, Lundh T, Lindh CH, Mergler D. 2016. Manganese concentrations in drinking water from villages near banana plantations with aerial mancozeb spraying in Costa Rica: Results from the Infants’ Environmental Health Study (ISA). Environmental Pollution, 215:247-57.
  32. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Morisset AS, Fisher M, Bouchard MF, Shapiro GD, Ettinger AS, Monnier P, Dallaire R, Taback S, Fraser W. 2016. Maternal and Neonatal Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Gestational Weight Gain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20;13(1): E146.
  33. Shapiro GD, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Ashley-Martin J, Ettinger AS, Fisher M, Taback S, Bouchard MF, Monnier P, Dallaire R, Morisset AS, Fraser W. 2016. Exposure to organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, and polychlorinated biphenyls in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: The MIREC Study. Environmental Research, 4(147):71-81.
  34. **Dion L-A, Bouchard MF, Sauvé S, Barbeau B, Tucholka A, Major P, Gilbert G, Mergler D, Saint-Amour D. 2016. MRI pallidal signal in children exposed to manganese in drinking water. Neurotoxicology, 53: 124-131.
  35. **Oulhote Y, Chevrier J, Bouchard MF. 2016. Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Hypothyroidism in Canadian Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism: 101(2): 590-8.
  36. Shapiro GD, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Ashley-Martin J, Fraser W, Fisher M, Taback S, Keely E, Bouchard MF, Monnier P, Dallaire R, Morisset A, Ettinger AS. 2015. Exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and metals in pregnancy and the association with impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: The MIREC Study. Environment International, 83:63-71.
  37. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L , Arbuckle TE, Ettinger AS, Shapiro GD, Fisher M, Taback S, Bouchard MF, Monnier P , Dallaire R, Fraser WD. 2015. Maternal blood metal levels and fetal markers of metabolic function. Environmental Research, 136: 27-34.
  38. **Oulhote Y, Mergler D, Barbeau B, Bellinger DC, Bouffard T, Brodeur ME, Saint-Amour D, Legrand M, Sauvé S, Bouchard MF. 2014. Neurobehavioral Function in School-Age Children Exposed to Manganese in Drinking Water Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(12):1343-50
  39. Eskenazi B, Kogut K, Huen K, Harley KG, Bouchard M, Bradman A, Boyd-Barr D, Johnson C, Holland N. 2014. Organophosphate pesticide exposure, PON1, and neurodevelopment in school-age children from the CHAMACOS study. Environmental Research, 134:149-57.
  40. Park RM, Baldwin M, Bouchard MF, Mergler D. 2014. Airborne manganese as dust vs. fume determining blood levels in workers at a manganese alloy production plant. Neurotoxicology, 45:267-75
  41. Park RM, Bouchard MF, Baldwin M, Bowler R, Mergler D. 2014. Respiratory manganese particle size, time-course and neurobehavioral outcomes in workers at a manganese alloy production plant. Neurotoxicology, 45:276-84.
  42. **Oulhote Y, Mergler D, Bouchard MF. 2014. Sex- and age-differences in blood manganese levels in the U.S. general population: national health and nutrition examination survey 2011-2012. Environmental Health, 24;13(1):87
  43. Ashley-Martin J, Dodds L, Arbuckle TE, Ettinger AS, Shapiro G, Fisher M, Morisset AS, Taback S, Bouchard MF, Monnier P, Dallaire R, Fraser WD. 2014. A birth cohort study to investigate the association between prenatal phthalate and bisphenol A exposures and fetal markers of metabolic dysfunction. Environmental Health, 22;13(1):84
  44. Bouchard MF, Oulhote Y, Sagiv SK, Saint-Amour D, Weuve J. 2014. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and cognition in older U.S. adults: NHANES (1999-2002). Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(1):73-78.
  45. **Oulhote Y et Bouchard MF. 2013. Urinary Metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and behavioral problems in children from the general Canadian population. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(11-12):1378-1384.
  46. London L, Beseler C, Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Colosio C, Grandjean P, Harari R, Kootbodien T, Kromhout H, Little F, Meijster T, Moretto A, Rohlman DS, Stallones L. 2012. Neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental effects of pesticide exposures. Neurotoxicology, 33(4):872-880
  47. Roels HA, Bowler RM, Kim Y, Claus Henn B, Mergler D, Hoet P, Gocheva VV, Bellinger DC, Wright RO, Harris MG, Chang Y, Bouchard MF, Riojas-Rodriguez H, Menezes-Filho JA, Téllez-Rojo MM. 2012. Manganese exposure and cognitive deficits: A growing concern for manganese neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology, 33(4):887-896
  48. Bouchard MF, Sauvé S, Barbeau B, Legrand M, Brodeur M-E, Bouffard T, Bellinger D, Mergler D. 2011. Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(1):138-143
  49. Carrière A, Brouillon M, Sauvé S, Bouchard MF, Barbeau B. 2011. Performance of point-of-use devices to remove manganese from drinking water. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 46(6):601-607
  50. Bouchard MF. Manganese in drinking water: Bouchard responds. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(6): a241
  51. Barbeau B, Carrière A, Bouchard MF. 2011. Spatial and temporal variations of manganese concentrations in drinking water. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 46(6):608-616
  52. Bouchard MF, Chevrier J, Harley KG, Kogut K, Vedar M, Morga N, Trujillo C, Johnson C, Bradman A, Barr DB, Eskenazi B. 2011. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and IQ in 7-year old children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(8):1189-1195
  53. Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Wright RO, Weisskopf MG. 2010. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and urinary metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in U.S. children 8-15 years. Pediatrics, 125(6):1270-1277
  54. Menezes-Filho JA, Bouchard M, Sarcinelli PN, Moreira JC. 2010. Manganese exposure and neuro-psychological effect on children and adolescents: A review. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 26:541-548
  55. Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Weuve J, Matthews-Bellinger J, Gilman SE, Wright RO, Schwartz J, Weisskopf MG. 2009. Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in U.S. young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12):1313-1319
  56. Roy A, Bellinger D, Hu H, Schwartz J, Ettinger AS, Wright RO, Bouchard M, Palaniappan K, Balakrishnan K. 2009. Lead exposure and behavior among young children in Chennai, India. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(10):1607-1611
  57. Zota AR, Ettinger AS, Bouchard M, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Schwartz J, Hu H, Wright RO. 2009. Association of maternal blood manganese levels with infant birth weight. Epidemiology, 20(3):367-373
  58. Philibert A, Bouchard M, Mergler D. 2008. Neuropsychiatric symptoms, omega-3, and mercury exposure in freshwater fish-eaters. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, 63(3):143-153
  59. Bouchard M, Mergler D, Baldwin ME, Panisset M. 2008. Manganese cumulative exposure and symptoms: a follow-up study of alloy workers. Neurotoxicology, 29(4):577-583
  60. Baldwin M, Bouchard M, Larribe F, Mergler D. 2008. Past occupational exposure to airborne manganese in a manganese alloy plant. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 5(7):426-437
  61. Bouchard M, LaForest F, Vandelac L, Mergler D. 2007. Hair manganese and hyperactive behaviors: Pilot study of school-age children exposed through tap water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(1):122-127
  62. Bouchard M, Mergler D, Baldwin M, Panisset M, Bowler R, Roels H. 2007. Neurobehavioral functioning after cessation of manganese exposure: A follow-up after 14 years. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(11):831-840
  63. Bouchard M, Mergler D, Baldwin M, Panisset M, Roels H. 2007. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and past manganese exposure in a ferro-alloy plant. Neurotoxicology, 28(2):290-297
  64. Bowler RM, Roels HA, Nakagawa S, Drezgic M, Diamond E, Park P, Koller W, Bowler RP, Mergler D, Bouchard M, Smith D, Gwiazda R. 2007. Dose-effect relations between manganese exposure and neurological, neuropsychological and pulmonary function in confined space bridge welders. Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 64(3):167-177
  65. Bowler RM, Nakagawa S, Drezgic M, Roels HA, Park RM, Diamond E, Mergler D, Bouchard M, Bowler RP, Koller W. 2007. Sequelae of fume exposure in confined space welding: A neurological and neuropsychological case series. Neurotoxicology, 28(2):298-311
  66. Bouchard M, Mergler D, Baldwin M. Manganese exposure and age: Neurobehavioral performance among foundry workers. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 19(3):687-694
  67. Bouchard M, Mergler D, Baldwin M, Sassine MP, Bowler R, MacGibbon B. 2003. Blood manganese and alcohol consumption interact on mood states among manganese alloy production workers. Neurotoxicology, (4-5):641-7
  68. Takser L, Lafond J, Bouchard M, St-Amour G, Mergler D. 2004. Manganese levels during pregnancy and at birth: relation to environmental factors and smoking in a Southwest Quebec population. Environmental Research, 95(2):119-25